Emprendimiento juvenil: Un puente hacia el empleo

by | Feb 15, 2020 | Reportajes | 90 comments

Por:
Virginia Lasio
Ph.D por Tulane University
Profesora de Comportamiento Organizacional de ESPAE
Dirige el Global Entreprenurship Monitor (GEM) para Ecuador

Ecuador se caracteriza por una alta tasa de emprendimiento, medida por la Actividad Emprendedora Temprana TEA, usualmente sin hacer distinción de grupos etarios; sin embargo, el análisis del emprendimiento juvenil permite identificar contribuciones poco discutidas hasta ahora. Para los jóvenes entre 18 y 34 años también la TEA también es elevada, aunque ha venido decreciendo desde un máximo de 37% en 2013 hasta el 30% en 2017, según las cifras de Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). La reducción en la tasa se atribuiría mayormente a la caída de los emprendimientos del grupo comprendido entre 18 y 24 años.

Durante el periodo 2012 y 2017, se observan en promedio altas intenciones de emprender, pero se concretan aproximadamente el 50% solamente. Para el grupo de entre 18 y 24 años, la proporción de emprendedores nuevos, aquellos con negocios en operación con hasta 42 meses de vida, es aproximadamente la tercera parte de la proporción de nacientes, y la mitad para el grupo de 25 a 34 años. Los emprendedores jóvenes están motivados mayormente por la oportunidad de mejora y en menor grado por la necesidad. Aunque hombres y mujeres tienen similares tasas de emprendimiento temprano, sus motivaciones difieren:  Es mucho más probable que una mujer de entre 18 y 24 años emprenda por necesidad, que un hombre en este rango de edad lo haga. Adicionalmente, las tasas de cierre de negocios son superiores para las mujeres en todos los grupos etarios; situación que sugeriría acciones específicas para mejorar el tipo y la gestión de los emprendimientos femeninos.

Los emprendedores jóvenes poseen, en general, mayor escolaridad y en el segmento de 25 a 34 años una proporción importante posee estudios universitarios. En el segmento de 18-24 años, es frecuente también haber recibido formación específica en emprendimiento durante la educación básica. El nivel de educación está directamente relacionado con el tipo de negocio; los profesionales están más orientados a servicios a empresas y menos a actividades extractivas o de servicios al consumidor, y los negocios de jóvenes entre 18 y 24 poseen mayor intensidad tecnológica; aun así, no son importantes generadores de empleo ni esperan serlo en un futuro cercano. Las redes y el equipo de trabajo se cuentan entre las debilidades de estos emprendedores, situación que incide en el acceso a recursos, y podría limitar también la innovación en estas iniciativas empresariales.

En promedio en el periodo 2012-2017, un 19% de jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años y un 24% de jóvenes entre 18 y 24 años, no estudiaba ni trabajaba, en este contexto el emprendimiento juvenil, aunque parecería de bajo impacto, tiene un alto potencial para contrarrestar este problema.

Una mirada diferente al emprendimiento juvenil lo muestra como opción para mejorar la empleabilidad de los jóvenes. Emprender contribuye al desarrollo de habilidades actualmente requeridas por las empresas, sobre todo cuando estas no se han adquirido en el sistema de educación formal.  La experiencia y el consiguiente aprendizaje de estos emprendedores, les agrega valor y vuelve competitivos en el ámbito laboral. El emprendimiento juvenil puede, temporalmente, cerrar la brecha y servir de puente en el camino hacia el primer empleo, o facilitar el desarrollo de una carrera.

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