Por:
Jimmy Anastacio Solis & Gabriela Ponce Villao
janastacio86@gmail.com
En el Océano Pacífico se capturan alrededor de 3.3 millones de toneladas de atún (70% de la captura mundial de túnidos), de las cuales 2.5 millones de toneladas se pescan en el Océano Pacífico Occidental y Central, bajo la regulación de la Comisión de Pesca del Pacífico Occidental y Central (WCPFC) y las otras 700 mil toneladas en el Océano Pacífico Oriental (OPO), bajo la administración de la Comisión Inter-Americana del Atún tropical (CIAT) [1].
Las zonas de pesca del O. Pacífico Occidental y Central, ubicada del lado del continente asiático, se caracterizan por estar conformadas por un numeroso y amplio complejo de ecosistemas insulares que por su naturaleza generan condiciones idóneas para la reproducción y provisión de alimento a las poblaciones de peces, además de las facilidades de trasbordo y servicios logísticos en torno al propio complejo insular en el Pacífico Occidental, que genera mayor eficiencia de costos a la operación, lo cual entre otros explica la riqueza ictiológica de esta región. (Figura 1)

Figura 1. Capturas de atún en el Océano Pacífico (2008-2017). Fuente: https://www.wcpfc.int/file/219352/download?token=IdoItTzQ
Del lado del OPO, el Ecuador como país ribereño es el referente en la pesca de atún, con alrededor del 45% de las capturas anuales, una pesquería regulada por la CIAT, entidad supranacional de la que forman parte 21 países, incluido Ecuador cuya participación se remite al año 1963.
A diferencia de la región asiática del Océano Pacífico, el Pacífico Oriental carece de la amplia riqueza trófica propia de los sistemas insulares de Asia, a excepción de casos como el de las Islas Galápagos pertenecientes a la Zona Económica Exclusiva (ZEE) del Ecuador, por lo cual las áreas de pesca son más distantes.
Siendo el tercer producto de exportación no petrolero del Ecuador, es importante que se dimensione la envergadura de la operación de la flota atunera nacional, para este fin se procedió a analizar con el sistema de información geográfica Quantum GIS (QGIS) el conjunto de datos de los registros de captura por buques cerqueros ecuatorianos en la pesquería de atún en la región del Océano Pacífico Oriental bajo la administración de la CIAT [2]. La figura 2 ilustra el procesamiento de los datos, evidenciando la distribución de las capturas ecuatorianas de atún en el año 2018 por zonas de pesca comprendidas en un rango de 1°x1° de latitud/longitud.

Figura 2. Distribución de capturas de atún de la flota cerquera ecuatoriana, año 2018. Elaborado en base a datos de CIAT del año 2018.
Tal como se observa en la figura 2, la operación de la flota atunera implica viajes en una amplia zona de pesca, cuya duración oscila entre 30, 60 y hasta más de 90 días, dependiendo de la autonomía de navegación de los barcos, lo cual está directamente relacionado a su tamaño.
A través de herramientas vectoriales de geoprocesamiento en QGIS, se delimitaron y segmentaron los puntos de capturas ubicados en cuatro zonas marítimas distintas: 1) ZEE continental e insular de Ecuador, 2) ZEE Ecuador insular, 3) Aguas Internacionales y de terceros países. El análisis geoespacial realizado permitió evidenciar la importancia del territorio marítimo nacional para la pesca del atún:

Figura 3. Capturas de atún de la flota ecuatoriana por zonas (2014-2018). Elaborado en base a datos de CIAT
Las figuras 2 y 3 también nos permiten evidenciar la importancia del territorio marítimo insular del Ecuador para la pesca del atún. La riqueza del ecosistema insular de Galápagos, como se mencionó anteriormente, se traduce en disponibilidad de alimento y condiciones de reproducción para especies altamente migratorias como el atún.
En el año 2018, dentro de la ZEE exclusiva del Ecuador, la flota ecuatoriana capturó alrededor de 25% del atún que proveyó a la industria nacional, de los cuales el 96% se pescó en la ZEE correspondiente al territorio marítimo insular (alrededor de 68 mil t).
Las cifras expuestas son de relevancia en el contexto de intereses internos y externos para ampliar la Reserva Marina de Galápagos (RMG) de 40 a 80 millas náuticas, en el proceso de reformas a la Ley de Régimen Especial para la Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Provincia de Galápagos que se tramita en la Asamblea Nacional. Es evidente que la reducción de las zonas de pesca dentro de la ZEE de Ecuador afectará la operación de la flota atunera, que sustenta el tercer rubro de la economía no petrolera del Ecuador.
En un análisis geoespacial de las capturas de Ecuador del año 2018, se determinó que el volumen de capturas que pudiesen estar comprometidas por una eventual ampliación de la reserva de 40 a 80 millas equivale a 41 mil toneladas o su equivalente al 60% de las capturas de atún del Ecuador en la ZEE correspondiente al territorio insular, considerando que se comprometerían importantes caladeros de pesca hacia el oeste y suroeste del archipiélago y su reserva.
En términos de competitividad la reducción de zonas de pesca afectaría particularmente la productividad de los barcos cuyos viajes de pesca promedian los 30 días por cuestiones de autonomía (equivalente a alrededor del 46% de la flota nacional, con capacidad de pesca inferior a 400 ton) y por ende el suministro de materia prima con origen para ingresar libre de aranceles al mercado de la Unión Europea.
Las 40 millas y los 133 mil Km2 que comprenden la RMG, representan una importante área de protección de la biodiversidad del archipiélago, desde su constitución en el año 1998. Las actividades de pesca dentro de la RMG están solo autorizadas a la pesca artesanal de Galápagos, sector que se encuentra bajo control de las autoridades de Galápagos, mientras que la actividad pesquera industrial dentro de la RMG está prohibida, siendo una infracción pesquera muy grave y en el caso de la captura de especies protegidas o en peligro de extinción, es tipificado como delito por la normativa ambiental.
A nivel nacional e internacional se han encendido alarmas respecto a la incursión de flotas asiáticas, dentro de las ZEEs de los países ribereños del continente sudamericano, tales como el caso del barco carguero chino Yuan Yu Leng 999 que fue encontrado con más de 6 620 tiburones, muchos incluidos en la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), dentro de la reserva marina de las islas Galápagos en el año 2017 [3].
Es evidente que uno de los principales aspectos a resolver en Ecuador y la región es mejorar la capacidad de monitoreo, control y vigilancia de las ZEEs que permita garantizar la soberanía del territorio marítimo nacional y la biodiversidad que habita en el mismo.
Tal como manifestó la Cámara Nacional de Pesquería en un comunicado de prensa el pasado 19 de diciembre de 2019, “la solución no es incrementar la RMG y aniquilar la actividad pesquera del Ecuador, específicamente la atunera, uno de los pilares de la economía; la solución es hacer cumplir las 40 millas con una base legal sólida con un sistema sancionador disuasivo, tal como el que se discute en la nueva Ley de Pesca que se tramita en la Asamblea Nacional, con instituciones de control fuertes, con modernas herramientas tecnológicas hoy en día existentes en el mundo, con profesionales calificados y una Armada Nacional dotada con suficiente presupuesto, herramientas de control y logística adecuadas. Si en la actualidad, aun con los esfuerzos que se realizan se evidencia grandes deficiencias en lo técnico y económico para un control adecuado y eficiente capacidad de manejo, una nueva ampliación será solo una declaratoria utópica y propagandística que únicamente terminará impactando a un sector productivo clave para la economía nacional.” [4]
Una discusión técnica de alto nivel, acompañada de un proceso participativo que involucre a todos los grupos de interés resultan necesarios previo a tomar acciones frente al incremento de la RMG; considerando la importancia de la operación atunera, al ser un pilar fundamental en la generación de divisas y empleo para la economía ecuatoriana.
Referencias:
[1] WCPFC – Tuna Fishery Yearbook – Annual Catches Estimates. Link de acceso: https://www.wcpfc.int/statistical-bulletins
[2] CIAT – Archivos de datos de dominio público para descargar. Link de acceso: https://www.iattc.org/PublicDomainData/IATTC-Catch-by-species1.htm
[3] Nota de prensa DW. (28 de agosto de 2017). DW. Obtenido de https://www.dw.com/es/ecuador-sentencian-a-chinos-por-pesca-ilegal-en-gal%C3%A1pagos/a-40262484
[4] Boletín de Prensa CNP (19 de diciembre de 2019): Inconsulta Propuesta de Ampliación de Reserva Marina de Galápagos. Link de acceso: https://camaradepesqueria.ec/boletin-dic/
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